Group+1+Research+Page

=The scramble for Africa= This is where every one was fighting for land in Africa. The french were trying to pass lays, that had to be approved by colonial assemblies. Then on the east side of Africa, the German were makeing taxes n labor laws. Belgian king came in and tryed to take over to. he let the people read from the bible, own there own land and they were allowd only a certain amouynt of education. So this waa all a time where every body wanted to own, and run Africa. every one that they could do better for the people. Realy they were only makeing this more presure on them. they had been through enoufe controle. Africa just wasnt haveing it it all. So these were some crazy times for thouse por por people. (jess rose) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa There were important terminals in Hausa kingdoms and the Bornu empire near Lake Chad that let the north and south trade slaves, ivory, kola nuts for salt, grass beads, coral, cloth, weapons, brass rods, and cowrie shells that was used as money. As the years went on Nigeria started to be under loose control by an empire. The British Navy had anti-slavery actions and in the 19th century palm oil and timber trade replaced slave trade. In October 1960 Nigeria was granted independence, under a form of government it was divided into three regions (the northern, eastern and the western.). Three years later in October, Nigeria made its relationship with the United Kingdom stronger by making itself a federal republic and building a new constitution. Also that year, a fourth region was established (the midwest). Farrah Rogers Mr. Tanner Pd. 1 sorce: http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/nigeria.html
 * History of Nigeria**

The great African writer Chinua Achebe was born in Ogibi, Nigeria in 1930. Today, he is 78 years old. His parents raised Chinua with an Evangelical Protestant background influenced with his native Igbo culture. He studied English, Theology, and History at the University of Ibadan. He graduated in 1953, and worked for a short time as a teacher. By 1967 Chinua Achebe had helped to start up a publishing company, and by 1958 his first novel __Things Fall Apart__ had been released. This African hit has been translated into more that fifty languages, and depicts an 1890’s village hero Okonkwo as he is banned from his village for seven years. In 1990, Chinua Achebe was paralyzed from the waist down in a car accident. But, today he continues to write and fuse American and African culture. Zach Lorenz Walker Honors Block II September 27th, 2008 Information found at: http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/achebe.htm
 * __The Life of Chinua Achebe__**

Famous novelist and poet Chinua Achebe was born in 1930. He was raised by his Christian parents in Ogidi, Nigeria. He excelled in school and won a scholarship for undergraduate studies. In 1948 he attended the University of Ibadan. After graduating in 1953 he taught English at the Merchants of Light school in Oba. He taught in Oba for four months, but then left the school and moved to Lagos to work for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS). In 1958 Achebe sent his novel __Things Fall Apart__ to several publishing houses, however many rejected it. Eventually on June 17, 1958, 2,000 hardcover copies were published by the office of Heinemann. An educational adviser, Donald MacRae who had just got back in England after a trip to west Africa said, “This is the best novel I have read since the war.” Chinua Achebe has received more than 20 honorary doctorates and several international literary prizes. He is a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. Daniel Glasstetter Walker H ELA Block 2 September 27th, 2008

Sources: 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe 2. http://aalbc.com/authors/chinua.htm

European Colinization of africa
====Before the 19th century the world new Africa as the Dark Continent. Europe began to have explorers go to the African colonies to spred religion and had patrols so other nations could not engage in slave trade. Europeans politics also lead to the colinization in Africa. The Scramble for Africa which happened in only 25 years colonized all the African colonies. Europeans wanted to also spread chirstianity to all the colonies, but also brang the harsher parts of colinization.====

sept. 28, 2008
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/teachers/curriculum/m7b/activity2.php


 * Who Colonized Africa**

Throughout the ages, Africa has been colonized in different places by various countries in Europe. In the first century, parts of North Africa were colonized by the Greeks and Phoenicians. For centuries after that, few countries colonized in Africa until the "Scramble for Africa" that took place in much of the 19th century. In the Scramble for Africa, settlers from Europe explored and settled in the parts of Africa that were unknown to Europe. Great Britain led colonization in South Africa, France in Tunisia, and later Great Britain took Egypt from France. Other explorers from Belgium and France settled in West Africa near the Niger River. Overall the countries that ruled most of Africa were Great Britain, France, and Belgium. by Spencer Andrews, Walker H ELA Block 2 September 27th, 2008 Sources: 1. http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw25colonizationafrica.htm 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa

Chinua Achebe was born in 1930 in Ogibi Nigeria. His parents were devoted Christians, but also instilled their ancient tribes beliefs in him. Chinua witnessed first hand the effect of western colonization in Africa. After Nigeria freed itself from British rule, they had a civil war in which Chinua and many people he knew were involoved. Chinua titled his book after a poem by William B. Yeats called "The Second Coming". In "Things Fall Apart" Chinua discusses the end of a little African villiage and everyone giving in to colonization. Chinua talks about many cultural traditions throughout his book and how they are important and should't be left behind. Paige H Tanner- B1 [|http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/anglophone/achebe.html] http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/achebe.htm
 * Chinua's Inspiration and Purpose**

European Colonization of Africa First Conflict: Europe attempted to claim africa during a new imperialism period that took place during 1880s also during World War 1 in 1914. This resulted in a scramble or as stated in history a "Scramble for Africa". The exploration of Africa: Europe sent several explorers into Africa some that have discovered lakes and other areas that could be of a essence to Europe. Some explorers like Richard Burton, John Speke, and James Grant have discovered the great central lakes togther. Which could lead to new trading routes, and resources, But it didn't take long for Europe to notice the vast resources Africa contained. Which led to the fight for Africa. The Battle: Europes advance technology soon took a toll on Africa. The steam navagation, railways, and telegraphs helped the Europeans in transportation to Africas most defenseless parts of the continent. Just this couldn't help European win the scramble. Medical technology gave the whites more accessebility to Africa for the tropical disease like malaria and quinine was of no effect to the armies invading. The End: Europe also had a eye on the largest region sub-saharan Africa for economic and racial reasones. The imperialism hasn't touched this region yet but Africa soon offered Britian, Germany, and France open market to the resources. There is a more vast explanation of the colonization of Africa but as you can see many positive results have happened for Europe by invading Africa.

By Immaani Fiton Period 4, Miss Walker September 28, 2008 Resource:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa

Nigeria declared independence on October 1, 1960. They became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations; Nigeria also joined the United Nations. As a new nation Nigeria had the big task of organizing and uniting self-governing states with a combined 250 ethnic and linguistic groups. In 1966, riots broke out and military control began. Colonel Yakubu Gowon was in power. Gowon’s nine year rule came to an end in 1975 when a coup put Army Brigade Muritala Rufai Mohammed in as the new chief of state. In 1984, the military again gained power. After a couple of leadership switches, defense minister, Sani Abacha, had power. While Abacha had power, Nigeria was 33rd in the list of countries with the highest per-capita income in the world; Nigeria also went down to being the 13th poorest country in the world. His reign over the oil rich country was characterized as the government was being corrupted and was inefficient. It was also considered a cruel and brutal military regime. Abacha’s reign ended in 1998, he died of a heart attack. The military ruler, General Abdulsalam Abubakar, then took his place. He said that he would step down from power as soon as someone was elected in May of 1999. Of course the man running for office suspiciously died. Then, in February of 1999, free presidential elections were held. This election leads to General Olusegun Obasanjo to the victory of being elected president. Olusegun was very against military rule, he promised to work for the people. He turned out to be not the best choice for president, even though he ended up getting reelected. During the next few years there were fights over oil, and in August of 2006, Nigeria had to hand over the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon. In April 2007, Nigeria held their first national elections. This switch of how to choose their leadership lead to fights about ballots, fraud and cheating the voting systems. Eventually ballots had to be reprinted, but only with the party symbol. Umaru Yar’Adua won the election by a landslide. And though people new that the elections win were flawed, there was not enough proof to take him out of office. Umaru Yar'Adua is still currently in office.
 * History of Nigeria**

By: Caitlyn Tressler Walker Block 2 Resource: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107847.html

European Colonization of Africa
" The Dark Continent" is what most Europeans referred to Africa as. Africa was one of the last continents that Europe colonized. Since it was one of the last continents colonized it was also one of the last continents that gained its independence from the Europeans. Many challenges that missionaries faced while working in Africa can be traced all the way back to the European colonization of Africa. The interior of the continet was not explored or colonized until the 19th century when the Europeans did most of the colonization. When the Europeans colonized Africa they brought many things with them including their beliefs and their native languages.Some of the languages that the Europeans brought to Africa are still the native languages in parts of the continent. It was the European Missionaries that introduced Christianity into the sub-Saharan Africa during the 19th century. One last thing is that the Europeans also wanted to have, is the resource of cotton to use and sell.

Cole Barrett Walker Block 2 __Resouces__- 1. http://www.cmdeaf.org/stats/h-africa.asp 2. http://njisworld.wordpress.com/mr-duells-articles/the-dark-continent-european-colonization-in-africa/


 * __European Colonization in Africa: Effects on Religion__**

During the 1800s, Christian faith made it's largest impact on Africa. Native Africans were distrustful of the missionaries who tried to convert them to Christianity and sometimes took advantage of their education. Some Africans decided to convert to Christianity when missionaries convinced them that they were worshiping false gods. Others decided to stay committed to their traditional religious customs. The African Christians and Africans who decided not to convert would sometimes fight. The British would destroy villages instead of appropriately punishing those who were responsible for the fight. Missionaries became very powerful and Africans who had converted would sometimes look down on those who practiced old religious customs. The British promoted more fights than they resolved. This caused Africans to splt into at least fifty nation-states. The split was often because of different ethnic groups which usually led to violence.

Tommy Cooper Walker Block 4 __http://www.enotes.com/things-fall/historical-content/print __

Modern History Of Nigeria In 1914,there had been conflict between the northern and the southern part of Nigeria.When the British protectorates of Nigeria ,the Northern and Southern part had joined.Nigeria had tried to organize federation of self-governing states ,but issues came and the nation had to unify the 250 ethnics groups ,but at the end foreign powers were able to control and conquer the nation.The confllcit between the North and the South and the other fighting came to unified republic workable.By 1966 the democracy had series of inter-regional hostilities and a military coup,had the firsgt series of military governments in Nigeria. DianaWilson , Walker Block1 Sources:http://www.somalipress.com/nigeria-overview/modern-history-nigeria-1054.html

European Colonization of Africa
The colonization of Africa began with the Portuguese but then expanded to many countries including Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Many explorers were traveling to India to buy spices that they could sell and Africa was on the way. The southernmost tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, was not originally intended by the Dutch to be a colony; it was merely used as an outpost for the Dutch East India Trading Company. Eventually, the outpost slowly became a colony and the Dutch spread throughout South Africa. As a result, their language, religion, and other customs were brought into South Africa as well. As a relevant side-note, __Things Fall Apart__ includes a depiction of European religion being brought into Africa. The European colonization of Africa had many effects on the continent including racial division. South Africa, in fact, was the last country to abolish apartheid.

Tyler DeFriece Miss Walker, Period 2 Source: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/European-colonization-of-Africa#European_exploration_and_conquest

=__European Colonization in Africa__= __Before the 1800's, very little was known about Africa; in fact it was nicknamed the //**"Dark Continent"**//.__ When European missionaries finally decided to travel to Africa, they had many plans to better the tribes. One thing these //__missionaries did was try to banish slavery__//.Great Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807 and slavery itself in 1834 with the help of Christian officials. In order to enforce this, British ships began patrolling the African Coast to make sure ships did not try to enter and get away with this now forbidden act. Now that they were protecting Africa, they felt there was a right to explore the continent. And so they entered Africa to begin exploring and led the way in African Colonization. However, __other countries such as France and Belgium decided to intrude on the territory the Great Britain began to claim as their own__. In order to avoid a war, the three countries began the __West African Conference in Berlin from November 1884 through February 1885__. This became known as the scramble, to figure out which countries could enter Africa. All of these countries had different ideas about what should be done with Africa, however __no one group truly respected the countries Natives__. __British missionaries set up hospitals, medicines, schools, and bible translations. And all of this was the European way of colonizing a tribal continent, and this is how it continued until the 20th century when Africa finally gained their own freedom.__

Beth Daniels Mr. Tanner, Period 1 Source: http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw25colonizationafrica.htm

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